Biology 3/1156

My suggestion for the final:   each night take one of the objective sheets that were handed out for each section and see if you can answer all the questions, if not, go back to your notes or the textbook and hone in on that part. Then move on. If you do a sheet a night you'll do "A" work for the final, but from the response in class you WILL NEED TO STUDY!

 

Also, don't forget to bring a portfolio of all your work this semester to the final, including lab stuff, so I can justify your grade.  My suggestion is to divide the work into sections based on the material and add hand-outs as well as chapter reviews and anything else that might make me appreciate what you've done to earn a passing grade in this class.  The nicer the presentation the better te grade.  Also it will help you to review and study the material, that's why I ask for this and besides you will get credit for your efforts, it's worth 100 pts.

Remember to bring a 100 question scantron, there will be 100 multiple choice questions, a picture to label and some short answers. You'll have 2 hours to do this. The exam is June 2nd at 9:30, same classroom.

have a nice vacation until I see you. If you have qeustions, there are still tutors around or you can email me

                          Hirschpc@LAVC.edu

last section:

Cardiovascular system: heart and circulation as well as blood and lymph

Be able to trace a drop of blood through the heart from right atrium to aorta, include the tricuspid and bicuspid valves. Where is nodal tissue?

Tests done to check the heart and blood vessels, why use a stethoscope? EKG?

What is a closed vs open system? Describe a closed system like human have. Examples in other animals?

What are the types of blood cells and what do they do?

Why is the fetus different?

what about the lymphatic system, what does it look like; where are lymph nodes, the spleen? cell mediated vs humoral immunity; immunoglobulins (IgG and IgA in particular) This ties up with endocrine...recall the thymus, for ex.

 

Respiration: parts...and final area for exchange, new words pharnyx, epiglottis, bronchi, alveolus

Can you give a guided tour of a drop of air from outside to where it will go once inside the lungs?

remember diffusion, review active vs passive processes and use of energy.

Any problems with this system? What a COPD's for ex.?

 

Digestion: compare mechnical vs chemical digestion. What happens in the mouth, what are the many accessories are here.

                 What about the small intestine and its connection to liver, gall bladder and pancreas

                 What is the tube-within-a-tube? compare this system from a hydra to the human, what about ruminants, or the earthworm for ex?

                new words: peristalsis, mastication, deglutition, mastication; bolus, chyme, and  chemicals like bile, hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen, and salivary amylase

               Why is the pancreas a dual organ, what two systems is it in?

Spme important people are coming for a tour of the digestive system, can you take them/be an escore through the tube telling them about the parts they will see along the way?

 

Urinary: describe the nephron and its place in the kidney, where is filtration reabsorption and secretion?

                New words: malpighian tubules, nephron, and podcyte/pedicel, countercurrent mechanism, glomerulus, Bowman's capsule, renal pyrimid, etc

Take a tour:  Can you trace a drop of liquid "garbage" through the tube until it becomes urine?

 

reproductive: How are males and females alike and/or different. One has only two outlets the other three, why?

                     Compare spermatogenesis vs oogenesis, what are the results? how long in one's life do these occur?

                     Think about homologous structures, and dual organs

                     recall structures like the clitoris, uterus, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, etc.

can you tell someone how the egg gets out and what happens to it once a month? or how the sperm is produced and where it goes and when?

What is a vasectomy vs a hysterectomy? ectopic pregnancy?

 

Endocrine: what are hormone, proteins vs steroids? the major glands and their secretions? problems?

                  What does the hypothalamus have to do with all of this?

                  Why is the pituitary the master gland?  Which gland acts like the nervous system? for?

                  Which structures have dual function? Think pancreas and gonads.

                 recall the major structures from brain area through rest of body, and there are other additional areas like the heart and stomach.

 

Does a plant have feelings? Think about its tropisms and hormones?

Section IV: Taxa

Why look at evolution? Who was the father? What sis Darwin actually do? (Remember the Beagle? Finches?)

What is the classification of an organism...from kingdom to genus and species.  What is above the kingdom today? What are the 5 kingdoms?

What is the sequence of evolutionary time? When did humans arrive?

Some Vocabulatry words: taxonomy, punctuated vs gradual equilibrium, allo- vs sympatric, carni-, herbi-,omnivore, porifera to mammals 

Section III: Genetics

Compare mitosis and meiosis. What are the stages? Where is cytokinesis? Which one allows for variation? How? Why?

Where does binary fission fit?

What did Mendel do? What is a pure bred, complete dominanace vs incomplete dominance. What is a monohybrid vs dihybrid ratio. Explain these. Be able to do a Punnett square for these. What is codominance?

What about genetic issues related to recessive vs dominant diseases.

What is amniocentesis? a karyotype? Why use these?

When are restriction enzymes used? (Think of a guilty party!)

What is a plasmid? Cloning? genetic engineering, always bad? (Rhink about fixing diseases, or plants)

 

 

 

Section II:

This section was about cells, and their parts.

We talked about the properities of the membrane and processes through it. compare active vs passive specifically. What needs energy? concentration gradient?

Compare prokaryotes and eukaryotes. What's the same?

How are plant and animal cells different?

Discuss the organelles found in plants and animals. What is missing, what's the same?

What are the four major tissue types? Where can they be found and what is their function? Ex: three types of epithelial, three types of muscle, three types of cartilage, three types of cells in blood, etc

Compare the integument (recall epithelial derivatives) and the plant (leaf) for similarities.

 

 

Studying for the final:

Section I. Chemistry

What is CHNOPS?

Discuss bonding, ionic vs covalent or hydrogen.

What are the four biologically important molecules, what do they look like, where are they found?

Why is water important? What are its characteristics? What about pH?

What are the two laws of thermodynamics?

What is the diffference between potential and kinetic energy, give examples. 

Why is photosynthesis important? What parts of the plants are involved? What are its parts? What cycles are involved? (Think Calvin Benson) Final products? What is the difference between C3, C4, and CAM plants?

What is oxidative respiration? What are its parts and cycles. The final products? Where does this take place?

What about earthly cycles for hydrogen carbon, etc.

Why are vitamins and minerals important where do they work, specifically?

Hint: Can you make energy for a cell? (Go through the process from glycolysis to the conclusion)  Why eat?!! Can you construct a food pyramid?

This section will include integument and its parts including the four  tissue types, and derivatives of epithelium within the system.

This section also dealt with skeletal tissue and the parts of a skeleton. We looked into cartilage again, the hyaline, fibro and elastic types. (Which is the ear? which is the nose?)  We compared hydro, endo and exoskeletons. We included axial versus appendicular skeletal parts and a discussion of how many of the bones are used in forensics (For fun:  The show called "Bones" on Ch 11 Monday nights at 8 pm will impress on the sutdent how much is known.)

Also included was the muscular system. We looked at many of the muscles for their names, shapes and functions. We discussed antagonistic groups like hamstrings (posterior) and quadriceps (anterior), when contracted makes you kick out. We looked at the proteins (Actin and myosin, troponin and tropomyosin) and mechanism necessary for contraction (shortening and thickening). Also we discussed sites of injections. Recall the Sliding filament theory and its players.

Then we talked about the nervous system, looking at the various nerves, especially the 12 cranial nerves, part of the peripheral system.  We looked at the brain and its parts, the lobes and Brodmann's areas like Wernicke and Broca, and the internal matters like the limbic systems and hippocampus. We talked about the regions and their specific activities-pons/bridge, cerebellum, medulla, midbrain and hypothalamus and the cerebrum and its parts.  We deferetiated between the RAS and the limbic systems. What about the autonomic system for R-n-R versus stress (F-or-F).

 Included in this section was special senses like taste/gustation, smell/olfaction, (both are chemoceptors)  hearing (mechanoceptor) and balance, and sight (photoceptor) . We also looked at pain receptors (nocioceptor).

finally we looked at the autonomic system, the parasympathetic/ rest-n-repose versus sympathetic/fight-or-flight and what's involved. These are automatic/involuntary versus the skeletal muscles/ voluntary. Remember SLUD/SLUG.